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- In Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Decius Brutus and Mark Antony,
- both Roman Senators, eulogize Julius Caesar, each using a different
- technique and approach. Brutus, in a somewhat arrogant, to the
- point, eulogy, attempts to sway the people. He justifies
- conspiring against Caesar by stating that Caesar's ambition would
- have hurt Rome. However, in Antony's eulogy, he focuses on
- Caesar's positive traits, and cunningly disproves Brutus'
- justification for killing Caesar. The fickle Romans waver between
- leaders, responding emotionally, rather than intellectually, to the
- orators.
- Brutus seeks to explain why he conspired against Caesar. He
- begins his speech with "Romans, countrymen ...", appealing to
- their consciousness as citizens of Rome, who, he later says, will
- benefit as freeman with Caesar's death. This shows that Brutus
- knows how to lure the crowd, appealing to their better judgement as
- Romans. He declares that he is an honorable man, and tells them
- that he will let them judge the validity of his claims. That is,
- he will allow the truth to speak for itself. This encourages the
- crowd to believe him, as an honorable man. He says that he wants
- them to know the facts; "Censure me in your wisdom, and awake your
- senses that you may the better judge." Sharing information with
- the people is flattering and it almost guarantees acceptance. He
- gets their sympathy by saying that he loved Caesar, daring the
- people to find anyone who loved Caesar more. Brutus declares that
- he never wronged Caesar, that he cried for Caesar's love, was happy
- for his greatness, honored him for his courage, but had to kill him
- because of Caesar's ambition. He says that the reason for killing
- Caesar was his great love for Rome. He justifies his actions by
- saying that he loved Caesar but, "Not that I loved Caesar less, but
- that I loved Rome more." He then asks rhetorically if the people
- would want to live their lives as slaves under Caesar's rule or
- would they prefer to live as freemen with Caesar dead. To anyone
- insulted by his speech he wonders if, as Romans who love their
- freedom, they could be offended or reject what he, Brutus, says.
- He poses the question, "Who is here so base that would be a
- bondman?" He stresses the point, repeating the line, "If any,
- speak, for him have I offended." "I pause for a reply.", allows
- them to respond to his rhetorical questions, giving them an even
- greater sense that he cares about them and their opinions. They
- can only respond, " None, Brutus, none." That is, none are
- offended, they do not disagree or argue with his words or his
- actions.
- Mark Antony's eulogy utilizes a different approach. He
- starts out by addressing the crowd as "Friends" because he wants to
- come to them as a friend rather than a ruler trying to gain power.
- He then says, "I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him.", thus he
- can ease in praises of Caesar without the crowd stopping him. He
- sounds very sincere when he says, "The noble Brutus hath told you
- Caesar was ambitious.... For Brutus is an honorable man." He
- repeats that statement three more times becoming increasingly
- sarcastic, saying finally, "Yet Brutus says he was ambitious, and
- sure he was an honorable man." Since the people responded
- positively to Brutus' speech, Antony could not insult Brutus'
- honesty in a direct manner. Yet, Antony disproves Caesar's
- ambition with three examples. One is when he gave the ransom of
- captives to the public treasury and not his own, another when he
- cried with the poor people, and finally when he refused the
- kingship that Antony offered him, three times. Anyone who was
- ambitious would never have done any such things. Antony says, "I
- speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke." , but that is exactly
- what he does. Antony is using a dramatic effect on the people,
- first by entering on the stage with the body of Caesar, and at the
- end stating that his heart is still with the body of Caesar, ending
- his speech weeping. In justifying Caesar and disproving Brutus,
- the people see Antony as a potential successor to Caesar. They are
- swayed to him by his dramatics, his underhanded way of making a
- point, his repetition, and compelling proof of Caesar's concern.
- He is able to get the people to question the rightness of killing
- Caesar. He has planted doubt in the people's minds, in all areas
- except that he, Antony, is, "poor soul", an honorable.
- The difference between the eulogies shows us the importance of
- style of speech. Both try to appeal to the people, and both use
- repetition, but Brutus takes a defensive approach, leaving the
- people to their own conclusions. However, Antony takes a
- prosecuting approach against Brutus, so sneaky that it is almost
- subliminal. Furthermore, Antony's examples give him an advantage
- over Brutus because he backs up statements while Brutus leaves his
- statements more open-ended. The people seem to find it easier to
- accept Antony, an emotional and sincere speaker, than Brutus who
- appears arrogant and forceful.
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